Category: Forex Trading

Then the subset is modified by “shifting forward”; that is, excluding the first number of the series and including the next value in the subset. Investing using moving average, or any technique requires an investment account with a stockbroker. Investopedia’s list of the best online brokers what is moving average is a great place to start your research on the broker that fits your needs the most. Charting software and trading platforms do the calculations, so no manual math is required to use a moving average. The price may run through it slightly or stop and reverse prior to reaching it.

• Moving averages smooth out random price fluctuations; the longer the average, the smoother the line.
• For example, if price moved down to the 200EMA a trader might think that price might stop moving down from there as the 200 EMA will act as support for price to move back up.
• This example shows just how well moving averages work when the trend is strong.
• This is not always practical, but the more data points you use, the more accurate your EMA will be.
• As the name suggests, the simple moving average is the simplest type of moving average.
• If you were to calculate the SMA for a ten-day period, you would take the values of the last ten days and divide the result by ten.
• If the seasonal period is odd and of order \(m\), we use a \(m\)-MA to estimate the trend-cycle.

Moving averages can also act as support in an uptrend and resistance in a downtrend. A short-term uptrend might find support near the 20-day simple moving average, which is also used in Bollinger Bands. A long-term uptrend might find support near the 200-day simple moving average, which is the most popular long-term moving average. In fact, the 200-day moving average may offer support or resistance simply because it is so widely used. A signal to sell is triggered when the fast moving average crosses below both the medium and the slow moving averages.

How do moving averages create support and resistance levels?

A moving average is a statistic that captures the average change in a data series over time. In finance, moving averages are often used by technical analysts to keep track of price trends for specific securities. An upward trend in a moving average might signify an upswing in the price or momentum of a security, while a downward trend would be seen as a sign of decline. Given a time series $x_i$, I want to compute a weighted moving average with an averaging window of $N$ points, where the weightings favour more recent values over older values. In moving average trading, the moving average indicator is simply used to predict the price change and the change in the trend of the financial market.

By default, 20 periods are used to calculate the Simple Moving Average. However, since P&F moving averages are double smoothed, a shorter moving average may be preferred when placing this overlay on a P&F chart. A bullish crossover occurs when the shorter moving average crosses above the longer moving average. A bearish crossover occurs when the shorter moving average crosses below the longer moving average. This is known as a death cross (sometimes referred to as a “dead cross”). The first day of the moving average simply covers the last five days.

2.8 Simple moving average (SMA) with close price

The exponential moving average is faster to react than the simple moving average which can be seen in the chart below. The autoregressive (AR) part of the method allows the future values to be approximated as a function of the past values. On the other hand, the moving average (MA) part enables the method to consider the past errors produced by the method, thus effectively capturing the randomness present. Finally, the integration (I) part enables the method to differentiate the series so that it becomes stationary and, therefore, better handle possible trends and seasonality. In the latter case, the ARIMA method is usually called SARIMA, as it involves both non-seasonal and seasonal AR and MA parts. ARIMA models are essentially regression models, where the regressors are past values of the series (AR) and the past errors (MA) at various lags.

The graph at the right shows how the weights decrease, from highest weight for the most recent data, down to zero. It can be compared to the weights in the exponential moving average which follows. Good results depend on your trading strategy as well as the application of the right moving average indicator according to the particular market trend.

Moving average ribbons

It is imperative however, that the trader realizes the inherent shortcomings in these signals. This is a system that is created by combining not just one but two lagging indicators. Both of these indicators react only to what has already happened and are not designed to make predictions.

As you can see in the above chart, the 50-day moving average curve (red line) is smoother than that of the 20-day moving average (blue line). Technical analysis is a collection of tools that are useful for analyzing time series market data. The basic idea is that using various tools with skill and insight will improve decision making. This calculation is too tedious, error prone, and time consuming for people to do manually, but is simple and instantaneous for a computer. Furthermore, most charting services, including the charting tools on Seeking Alpha, have built-in moving average capabilities. The moving average is an important tool as traders can use them to help predict what may happen, given prior performance, and to show any significant change up or down as early as possible.

The median and average salary are both indicators you can use to see if you are being paid fairly based on the overall population. A Chief Information Officer working in India will typically earn around 628,000 INR per year, and this can range from the lowest average salary of about 314,500 INR to the highest average salary of 971,200 INR. CIO salaries in Russia vary significantly, with an average of around $60,000 to $120,000, influenced by industry sectors and economic conditions.

Keith Rohland made a jump from finance to food when he moved to his current company from Citigroup in 2011. As CIO, he’s in charge of all IT functions, including strategy, systems development and infrastructure. This is the second year in a row he’s been on our list, and a boost in his bonus means a better showing overall. The average annual salary of a chief information officer in India is INR 50 lakh. The annual salary range of this senior IT executive is somewhere between INR 22 lakh to INR 102 lakh. The estimated take-home salary of an IT director is INR 2.92 lakh to INR 3.03 lakh per month.

CTO (Chief Technology Officer) Job Details 2023

A Chief Information Officer is a high bonus based job, with 82% of employees reporting at least one bonus in the last 12 months. Another part of your overall compensation in a job is how much bonus you receive. Some job roles will be more likely to pay a bonus than others and also more likely to have higher bonus rates.

The list of countries below will take you to information and data researched on 3,628 different jobs to help you find the average salaries, gender gaps, public vs private sector and more. In our research, we looked at the average salary for a Chief Information Officer in India based on the education level of the employees in order to find out whether a better education level would increase your salary. We have researched the average chief information officer salary based on years of experience to give you an idea of how the average changes once you’ve worked for a certain amount of time.

CTO Salary in India Per Month (June Check Now

The average CIO salary in the Netherlands is around $150,000 to $170,000, reflecting its robust IT infrastructure and digital economy. In the Middle East, the United Arab Emirates leads in CIO compensation, offering an average of $160,000 to $180,000, thanks to its prosperous business environment and high concentration of multinational corporations. As one of Africa’s strongest economies, South Africa’s CIOs earn an average of $70,000 to $90,000, higher than many of its continental counterparts. In Western Europe, Germany leads in terms of CIO compensation, with the average CIO earning between $170,000 and $200,000 annually.

You will see that companies in bigger and more lucrative industries tend to have the higher annual pay raises. In the chart below, you can see the average annual pay raise percentages for each of the major industries in India. In this case, we can see that the number of months between the average pay raise is higher than the typical 12 months. The national average pay raise across all professions and industries in India is around 9% every 16 months.

In 2014, he jumped ship to AIG to take on the same title in a role that was newly created within that company. This senior executive has to formulate and implement IT strategies and streamline and manage systems to achieve the goals of the concerned business entity. This IT professional needs to possess in-depth knowledge of technological developments, digital advancements, and business operations.

CTO Salary in India Per Month (June

The average CTO salary of a CTO is between ₹7,53,551 to ₹29,96543 per year, with the annual pay being reflective of competition, education, skills, experience and the annual gross revenue of the hiring company. Robert Carter has been with FedEx since 1993, and he sets the technology direction of the shipping giant’s applications, networks and data centers. He’s not as far up the list as he was last year, but his sizable performance bonus kept him in the mix.

There is, however, one additional factor you must consider because it directly impacts your monthly earnings. The Chief Technology Officer (CTO) is generally regarded as an organisation’s top expert in information technology. With so many uncertainties in the world, it is difficult to predict the future, but one doesn’t need a crystal ball to see that India is primed to become the powerhouse of the global economy. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that the CTO salary in India will keep increasing. That’s a piece of information that everyone wants to know about everybody else—and isn’t eager to share themselves.

CTO (Chief Technology Officer) Salary

As new technologies emerge and digital transformation accelerates, CIOs have had to develop skills that go beyond traditional technology management. And in large organizations, they have typically delegated responsibility for day-to-day IT operations to deputies. In the 21st century, one of the most important operational aspects to any large enterprise is their ability to construct, maintain, and upgrade their information technology framework. This accounts for a large amount of expense, and it usually requires teams of skilled professionals to work together. In organizations that are large enough, these information systems operations are all managed by a high-level executive officer called the chief information officer (CIO).

This is the third year in a row Carey’s been on our list; his compensation hasn’t changed much but the fact that his contemporaries are making more moves him down the ranking. A CIO’s salary is nothing to sneeze at, but salary alone doesn’t tell the whole compensation story. Here’s a look at how bonuses, stock awards, perks and other compensation add up. Get regular updates about different jobs on Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and Twitter. Anyone aiming to become a CDIO in India must have a B.Tech or BCA degree. These graduates can reach this leadership position by showing their mettle in the job.

In recent decades, technology has become key to advancing product and service innovation and contributing to business growth. As a result, CIOs have forged closer ties with the business side of their organizations. Various new technologies are driving changes in the enterprise, including in the cloud, data analytics, DevOps, the internet of things and artificial intelligence.

The difference between a median and an average salary

The advantage in IT is speed, Nickolaisen said, and CIOs should focus on innovation for competitive advantage. A good CTO must have sound knowledge of IT systems, business management skills, and possess highly effective leadership qualities. Their job description is to oversee the technology strategy and make sure it aligns with business goals. CTO salaries are also dependent on the sector of their company- CTOs in the financial sector make over $200,000 on average, while e-commerce CTOs make $76,000 per year, according to a 2018 report from the InfoSec Institute. Hjelm in on our list for the second year in a row, and a sizable bonus sends him further towards the top.

Carter’s compensation was also padded by various perks, including use of a private jet and security services. ManpowerGroup is a worldwide staffing agency, and Ram Chandrashekar oversees its IT functions from Singapore, where he also serves as President of the company’s Asia Pacific Middle East region. After getting master’s degrees in both India and the U.S., Chandrashekar worked as COO for the Sterling Infotech Group of companies. He joined Manpower in 2008 and in 2012 was put in charge of IT, with the goal of improving operational performance with a metric-oriented framework. With sufficient technical knowledge, people without a degree or with a non-tech degree can run these organizations.

• ERI’s compensation data are based on salary surveys conducted and researched by ERI.
• The CIO oversees the computer systems required to support the organization’s unique objectives and goals.
• The national average pay raise across all professions and industries in India is around 9% every 16 months.
• In organizations that are large enough, these information systems operations are all managed by a high-level executive officer called the chief information officer (CIO).
• We help you find the best courses, certifications, and tutorials online.
• The data in this article has been compiled using official government salary data, salary surveys, and other sources such as job postings which contain salary information.

Morgan is credited for launching the House of Morgan in the 1830s to manage family offices, and J.D. The findings, based on surveys of 635 family office leaders, didn’t find any CIOs in the UK, Middle East, and Australia making as much as chief investors in the US. At DigitalDefynd, we help you find the best courses, certifications and tutorials online. Hundreds of experts come together to handpick these recommendations based on decades of collective experience. We help you find the best courses, certifications, and tutorials online.

Being in an authoritative position, a chief information officer is endowed with the responsibility of conveying information about all IT developments and solutions across every department. A mid-career Chief Technology Officer (CTO) with 5-9 years of experience earns an average total compensation of ₹1,898,939 based on 61 salaries. An early career Chief Technology Officer (CTO) with 1-4 years of experience earns an average total compensation cio salary in india of ₹884,372 based on 48 salaries. In 2012 he became SunTrust’s CIO, where he worked to unify a siloed technology department. As a member of an organization’s executive team, the CIO must have strong business acumen, outstanding communication skills, strategic planning skills and knowledge of an organization’s internal operations and technology initiatives. This became clear as the COVID-19 pandemic forced further evolution in the CIO job.

In China, CIOs typically earn between $70,000 and $100,000, with top earners in multinational corporations making considerably more. The United Kingdom also offers competitive CIO salaries and attractive perks, typically between $150,000 and $180,000 annually. When working with their teams, CIOs may have to shift their focus from talent acquisition to talent development on the job and through training programs. The CTO position often overlaps with other jobs, in particular, that of the CIO (Chief Information Officer) and CSO (Chief Science Officer).

There is no typical career path — the enterprise tech leader is likely to have started working at smaller organisations as a software engineer and team leader first to gain experience before moving to larger companies. Their learning development process has been steady, gradual and often highly focused on careers. They are typically in charge of discovering and analyzing how technology processes affect the business, as well as identifying potential areas of improvement.

This implies that quantity supplied of the commodity at each price will decrease as shown by the shift of the supply curve to the left. First, the law of supply assumes that firms operate in a competitive market structure and no individual firm has a monopoly over the production of the commodity. The higher, price cost per unit of a product output makes it more profitable to expand more output and offer more quantity of the product for sale in the market. Thus, the high price of a product serves as an incentive for the producer to produce more of it. The higher the price, the greater the incentive for the firm to produce and supply more of a commodity in the market, other things remaining the same.

Supply curve is therefore, a graphic representation of what quantities of a good will are offered for sale at all possible prices. Supply curve depicts the sellers’ quantity reactions to various prices. Thus the quantity supplied, like the quantity demanded, is a function of price. The cost of production increases due to increase in quantity supplied. It is
necessary to increases price to maintain or increase the level of profit. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied.

Law of Demand Curve/Diagram

If better
methods of production are invented, profit increases at the previous price. The law of supply shows the positive relationship between the price of the commodity and the quantity supply of a commodity. The upward slope of the supply curve is supported by the following factors.

In the figure above OX axis shows quantity of demand and OY axis shows price. SS1 line is the line of supply when the price of the commodity is OP then quantity of supply is OQ. This law can be explained with the help of a supply schedule as well as by a supply curve based on an imaginary figures and data. The law of supply does not apply to precious, rare, or artistic items. For example, even if the price increases, the number of rare items like the Mona Lisa artwork cannot be increased.

The Law of Supply: Explanation, Assumption and Exception

On the other hand, as price fall, supply also declines since low price result in lower profit margins. The law supply is a law that states that the supply of goodwill increase as its price decreases. In other words, when the price of a good goes down, the quantity supplied will go up. This law is based on the assumption that producers are eager to make a profit and will produce more of a product if they can sell more of it for less money.

• It must be noted that the form of the supply function refers to the precise quantitative relation between the independent variables such as the own price of the commodity X and prices of factors such as F1, F2 etc.
• The law of supply states that the relationship between price and supply of a product.
• Otherwise, a reduction in transport price implies reducing the cost of production, in order that extra might be provided even at a lower price.
• The basic aim of producers, while supplying a commodity, is to secure maximum profits.

The supply depends on the demand response of the consumers and the revenue generated from sold goods. The law of supply says that as the price of an item goes up, suppliers will attempt to maximize their profits by increasing the number of items for sale. It is the situation in the economy in which all the economic activities like production, employment, consumption, investment, etc. decrease sharply. So, the suppliers supply more even at a low price due to fear of further fall in the price due to the worse condition in the economy. If the business firm needs a large amount of liquidity or cash, it may sell a large amount of the product lowering the price. If the business firm has to close its old business to start the new one, it has to clear all the stocks of goods.

Understanding the Law of Supply

In other words the quantity supplied changes directly with price. The law explains a definite relationship between the prices of a commodity and its quantity supplied. In the above figure, the upward sloping line represents the supply line or supply curve of the firm. Different five combinations of price-quantity in the figure show price in the market and corresponding quantity supply of the product.

Fourth, for the law of supply to hold it is assumed that technology or input prices remain constant when price of a good rises. If there is improvement in technology or fall in input prices when firms expand their output, then more supply of the product may be made at a lower price. The law of supply relates to this functional relationship between price of a commodity and its supply. In contrast to the inverse relationship between the quantity demanded and the changes in price, the quantity supplied gener­ally varies directly with price. That is, the higher the price, the larger is the quantity supplied of a commodity.

Under this situation and circumstances, more of the product in consideration may not be supplied, despite the rising prices. With the improvement in technique if the cost of production is reduced, the seller would supply more even at falling prices. It suggests with the supply schedule, that the market supply tends to expand with the rise in price and vice-versa. Similarly, the assumptions of law of supply upward slopping curve also depicts a direct co-variation between price and supply. The supply of a commodity in the market at anytime is also deter­mined by sellers’ expectations of future prices. If, as happens during inflationary periods, sellers expect the prices to rise in future, they would reduce supply of a product in the market at would instead hoard the commodity.

Explanation and example of law of diminishing marginal utility

As shown by the arrow marks, at each price such as P1, P2, P3, the quantity supplied on the supply curve S”S” has declined as compared to the supply curve SS. So far as short-run supply curve of the industry under perfect competition is concerned, it is a mere lateral summation of the supply curves of the firms. On the other hand, if on the expansion of industry external economies outweigh the external diseconomies, the industry will be decreasing-cost industry and its long-run supply curve will be downward sloping. As a consequence, in case of decreasing-cost industry in the long-run more will be supplied at a lower price.

In this diagram price is taken on Y axis and quantity supplied is measured on X axis. Answer is simple, lets SS is a supply curve slope upward from left to right because a direct relationship between price and quantity supplied. It is because of the relationship between price of a commodity and its quantity supplied. In the law of supply “other things remaining the same” is an important statement. It means all the factors except price which can occur change in supply. It is assumed that the price of the product changes, but there is no change in the cost of production.

Backward slopping supply curve BS ‘ part represents supply curve is bending at B. This curve is also known as an “Exceptional Supply Curve” as such a thing happens only in some exceptional cases like—labour supply or savings. Alternatively, it can lease greater employees and growth the supply of bread. Or, in some instances, the store may additionally grow charges and use those more income to put money into a new bread maker.

In such cases, the supply of a product falls with the increase in price of a product at a particular point of time. Refers to a supply schedule that represents the different quantities of a product supplied by an individual seller at different prices. The law of supply reflects the general tendency of the sellers in offering their stock of a commodity for sale in relation to the varying prices. The law of supply is not valid if sellers expect a fall in the price in the future. The sellers will be willing to sell more in this situation, even at a cheaper price.

If there is a tendency of increasing prices at present period, the sellers
increase quantity supplied for the lust of profit. Now they want to maximize their profit due to good
present circumstances. According to the law of supply, the quantity supplied increases with a rise in the price of a product and vice versa while other factors are constant. The other factors may include customer preferences, size of the market, size of population, etc.

The hoarding of huge quantities of goods by traders is an important factor in reducing their supplies in the market and thus causing further rise in their prices. There is, however, an important difference between the reaction of quantity supplied and that of quantity demanded to changes in price of a good. As demand is defined as a schedule of the quantities of good that will be purchased at various prices, similarly the supply refers to the schedule of the quantities of a good that will be offered for sale at various prices. To be more correct, supply of a commodity is the schedule of the quantities of a commodity that would be offered for sale at all possible prices during a period of time, for example, a day, a week, a month and so on.

• It is a qualitative statement, as it indicates the direction of change in the quantity supplied, but it does not indicate the magnitude of change.
• If Monsoon comes in time and rainfall is adequate, there are bumper crops, the supply of agricultural products increases.
• The slope of market supply curve can be obtained by calculating the supply of the slopes of individual supply curves.
• For example, the rise in the price of onion will motivate the farmers to produce more quantity of onion in place of potato and other vegetables.

If there is an increase in tax rates, then the supply of product would decrease even at the higher price. Therefore, for the application of law of supply, it is necessary that government policies should remain constant. Further, the law assumes that there are no changes in the prices of other products. If the price of some other product rises faster than that of the product in consideration, producers might transfer their resources to the other product—which is more profit yielding due to rising prices.